Free download books on history of mathematics




















Calculus Practice Exam includes differential calculus and integral calculus. High School or college university level. An in-depth statistical analysis of 55, hands played on real-money on Pokerstars, who claim their software would distribute cards in a random manner.

Six hypotheses tested, dozens of items verified. Upsetting conclusions. But his day job for 25 years was as a lecturer in mathematics at Christ Church. Dodgson was also keen on algebra, writing an innovative book on the theory of determinants, and one of his main ideas has become a topic of current research. He always enjoyed introducing his ideas on symbolic logic to adults and children alike.

And he was a pioneer in the theory of voting, on which he made substantial contributions which we would do well to adopt today. I chose this book of Mathematical Pamphlets because it includes a wide range of his mathematical writings and gives one a good idea of his approach to the subject. It is also a fun book to dip into! Cundy and A. Why does this book stand out for you? I first came across this book more than fifty years ago when I was still at school. It proved particularly valuable when I had to organise speech-day mathematical exhibitions for the visiting school parents.

Five Books aims to keep its book recommendations and interviews up to date. If you are the interviewee and would like to update your choice of books or even just what you say about them please email us at editor fivebooks. We ask experts to recommend the five best books in their subject and explain their selection in an interview. This site has an archive of more than one thousand seven hundred interviews, or eight thousand book recommendations.

We publish at least two new interviews per week. Five Books participates in the Amazon Associate program and earns money from qualifying purchases. Support Us. Mesopotamia -- Cuneiform records -- Positional numeration -- Sexagesimal fractions -- Fundamental operations -- Algebraic problems -- Quadratic equations -- Cubic equations -- Pythagorean triads -- Polygonal areas -- Geometry as applied arithmetic -- Mathematical weaknesses -- 4.

Ionia and the Pythagoreans -- Greek origins -- Thales of Miletus -- Pythagoras of Samos -- The Pythagorean pentagram -- Number mysticism -- Arithmetic and cosmology -- Figurate numbers -- Proportions -- Attic numeration -- Ionian numeration -- Arithmetic and logistic -- 5.

The age of Plato and Aristotle -- The seven liberal arts -- Socrates -- Platonic solids -- Theodorus of Cyrene -- Platonic arithmetic and geometry -- Origin of analysis -- Eudoxus of Cnidus -- Method of exhaustion -- Mathematical astronomy -- Menaechmus -- Duplication of the cube -- Dinostratus and the squaring of the circle -- Autolycus of Pitane -- Aristotle -- End of the Hellenic period -- 7.

Archimedes of Syracuse -- The siege of Syracuse -- Law of the lever -- The hydrostatic principle -- The Sand-Reckoner -- Measurement of the circle -- Angle trisection -- Area of a parabolic segment -- Volume of a paraboloidal segment -- Segment of a sphere -- On the sphere and cylinder -- Books of Lemmas -- Semiregular solids and trigonometry -- The Method -- Volume of a sphere -- Recovery of The Method -- 9.

Apollonius of Perga -- Lost works -- Restoration of lost works -- The problem of Apollonius -- Cycles and epicycles -- The Conics -- Names of the conic sections -- The double-napped cone -- Fundamental properties -- Conjugate diameters -- Tangents and harmonic division -- The three- and four-line locus -- Intersecting conics -- Maxima and minima, tangents and normals -- Similar conics -- Foci of conics -- Use of coordinates -- Greek trigonometry and mensuration -- Early trigonometry -- Aristarchus of Samos -- Eratosthenes of Cyrene -- Hipparchus of Necaea -- Menelaus of Alexandria -- Ptolemy's Almagest -- The degree circle -- Construction of tables -- Ptolemaic astronomy -- Other works by Ptolemy -- Optics and astronomy -- Heron of Alexandria -- Principle of least distance -- Decline of Greek mathematics -- Newton and Leibniz -- Newton's early work -- The binomial theorem -- Infinite series -- The Method of fluxions -- The Principia -- Leibniz and the harmonic triangle -- The differential triangle and infinite series -- The differential calculus -- Determinants, notations, and imaginary numbers -- The algebra of logic -- The inverse square law -- Theorems on conics -- Optics and curves -- Polar and other coordinates -- Newton's method and Newton's parallelogram -- The Arithmetica universalis -- Later years -- The time of Gauss and Cauchy -- Nineteenth-century overview -- Gauss : early work -- Number theory -- Reception of the Disquisitiones arithmeticae -- Gauss's contributions to astronomy -- Gauss's middle years -- The beginnings of differential geometry -- Gauss's later work -- Paris in the s -- Cauchy -- Gauss and Cauchy compared -- Non-Euclidean geometry -- Abel and Jacobi -- Galois -- Diffusion -- Reforms in England and Prussia -- Geometry -- The school of Monge -- Projective geometry : Poncelet and Chasles -- Synthetic metric geometry : Steiner -- Synthetic nonmetric geometry : von Staudt -- Analytic geometry -- Riemannian geometry -- Spaces of higher dimensions -- Felix Klein -- Post-Riemannian algebraic geometry -- Quadratic equations in two or three variables.

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